National Board Dental Hygiene Examination (NBDHE) Dental Hygienist Practice Test

The correct answer highlights the relationship between excessive buildup of plaque and calculus and its impact on periodontal health. When plaque, a soft bacterial film, is not regularly and thoroughly removed through brushing and flossing, it hardens into calculus (tartar). This accumulation can lead to inflammation of the gums (gingivitis) and, if left untreated, can progress to more severe conditions known as periodontal disease.

Periodontal disease encompasses a range of conditions affecting the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. The presence of plaque and calculus creates an environment that promotes the growth of harmful bacteria, leading to destructive processes which can cause gum recession, loss of tooth-supporting bone, and even tooth mobility or loss.

In contrast, halitosis refers to bad breath, which may be a symptom of underlying oral health issues but is not directly caused by plaque and calculus alone. Cavities, or dental caries, result from the demineralization of tooth structure due to acids produced by bacteria in plaque but are not directly linked to the buildup of calculus. Oral candidiasis is a fungal infection in the mouth that is unrelated to plaque and calculus accumulation. Thus, periodontal disease is the direct consequence of excessive plaque and calculus